parties, leadership contests either did not exist or did not surface for participation by the party rank-and-file. As a result the means for BV1004 put leadership struggles behind ideology and issues as a basis of factionalism. Although the conceptual discussion required evidence of "personalism" in leadership to elicit a high score on this variable, this requirement was eased in practice so that leadership factionalism was recognized if leaders had reliable camps of supporters, regardless of the basis of their appeal.

The general phenomenon of factionalism is discussed at length under variable 10.02. "Strategic or tactical factionalism" is the fourth variety we consider. Members of political parties may agree on ideology and issues but disagree seriously on the strategy that the party ought to use in achieving its goal or perhaps on particular tactics that the party ought to follow within a given strategy. (See the discussion of the goal orientation cluster and variable 6.00 for a distinction between strategy and tactics.) Variable 10.05 is intended to express this basis of disagreement, or lack of coherence, within a party.

Operational Definition. A party is assigned the highest score that applies from the following scale, designed to measure the extent of factionalism concerning party strategy and tactics.

0	There is little or no disagreement voiced within the party concerning its appropriate strategy or tactics with regard to its goal orientation.
1	Disagreements over strategy or tactics do emerge into view of party members, but factional tendencies are not evident.
2	Advocates of certain strategies or tactics do agitate for their position, but factions cannot be clearly distinguished in the sense of labeled groupings with identifiable membership.
3	Adherents to a certain line of strategy or tactics have created a "small" faction within the party, but the faction does not have a formal organization of its own.
4	Adherents to a certain line of strategy or tactics have created a "small" faction within the party with some formal organization of its own.
5	Adherents to a certain line of strategy or tactics have created a "large" faction within the party--large defined as about 25 percent or more of the membership-but the faction does not have a formal organization of its own.
6	Adherents to a certain line of strategy or tactics have created a "large" faction within the party with some formal organization of its own.

Coding Results. The literature did not develop accounts of disagreements over party strategy or tactics fully enough to permit coding more than three-quarters of the parties. Many of these codes, moreover, were assigned with relatively low confidence, and there was a significant relationship of .27 between the presence of information on party strategy or tactics and the conclusion of party factionalism. Nevertheless, the data distributions for BV1005 resemble those for the other factionalism variables, BV1002 through BV1004 (see Tables 11.6a and 11.6b). The modal category is again 0, indicating not only the absence of factionalism over the party's goal orientation but also the virtual absence of debate on the matter. The means for BV1005 reveal, however, that differences over strategy or tactics led to more party factionalism in the latter part of our decade than the earlier years, as some parties began reexamining their prospects for success within the political system.

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