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TABLE 11.3a: Mid 1950s: BV10.02 Ideological Factionalism

TABLE 11.3b: Early 1960s: BV10.02 Ideological Factionalism

between transient divisions on political issues and factionalism on issues, recall that a faction involves some formalized interaction or joint consultation over the issue that exists for a period of a year or more. We do not score a party high on issue factionalism simply by implication if it gets a high score on ideological factionalism. There must be independent identifiable evidence of one or more discrete political issues that divide the party as well.

Operational Definition. The higher the score on this variable, the greater the degree of ideological factionalism. The party is scored the highest applicable code.

0

There seem to be no long-standing issues that are subject to public debate and disagreement among party leaders.

1

One or more long-standing issues are a matter of public debate and disagreement among party leaders, but they are not sufficient to promote factional tendencies.

2

One or more long-standing issues are subject to debate and disagreement, factional tendencies are present, but factions are not clearly distinguishable in the sense of labeled groupings with identifiable membership.

3

One or more long-standing issues have created a "small" faction within the party, but the faction does not have a formal organization of its own.

4

One or more long-standing issues have created a "small" faction within the party with some formal organization of its own or have provoked a split after the beginning of the period.

5

One or more long-standing issues have created a "large" faction within the party-"large" defined as about 25 percent of the membership or more-but the faction does not have a formal organization of its own.

6

One or more long-standing issues have created a "large" faction within the party with some formal organization of its own or have provoked a split after the beginning of the period.

Coding Results. According to our operationalizations of BV1003 and BV1002 and the means for both variables as reported in Tables 11.4 and 11.3, longstanding issues were less likely to serve as a basis for factionalism than were matters of ideology. But longstanding issues, in contrast to ideological concerns, were more likely to emerge as matters of public debate and disagreement among party leaders (code 1). Although the quality of the data was noticeably less for judging BV1003, we did score about 80 percent of the parties, with no significant correlation between BV1003 and AC1003.

Basic Variable 10.04: Leadership Factionalism

See the discussion under variable 10.02, "ideological factionalism," for the basic conceptual definition of factionalism. This variable deals with factions that form behind different political leaders primarily on the basis of the leaders' personal attraction. In many cases, ideological matters or issue orientations will supplement the attractive qualities of the leaders' personalities. In such instances, the party may be determined to display ideological and issue factionalism in addition to leadership factionalism. That determination is made separately for the party in terms of the two preceding variables. For this variable, the main conceptual distinction is the "personalist" basis of the following, often regarded in terms of charismatic leadership. In some cases, the charismatic basis may be lacking, but a personalist substitute may exist in the form of raw patronage for the sup-

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