porters of the political leaders' factions. This, too, constitutes a basis for leadership factionalism.

Operational Definition. The higher the score on this variable, the greater the degree of leadership factionalism. A party is given the highest score that applies from the following scale.

0	Leadership contests for control of the party either do not occur or they are so covert or so "inside" that they do not engage large numbers of party members in their outcome.
1	Leadership contests for control of the party do emerge into view of party members, but factional tendencies are not evident.
2	Leadership followings are present, but factions cannot be clearly distinguished in the sense of labeled groupings with identifiable membership.
3	Followers of a political leader have created a "small" faction within the party, but the faction does not have a formal organization of its own.
4	Followers of a political leader have created a "small" faction within the party with some formal organization of its own.
5	Followers of a political leader have created a "large" faction within the party-"large" defined as about 25 percent of the membership or more-but the faction does not have a formal organization of its own.
6	Followers of a political leader have created a "large" faction within the party with some formal organization of its own.

Coding Results. Because much of the literature on party politics in foreign countries dwells on political personalities, the information base for scoring BV1004 was generally good, as reflected by the high means for AC1004 in Tables 11.5a and 11.5b, by the nonsignificant relationship between BV1004 and AC1004, and by our success in assessing 90 percent or more of our parties on "leadership factionalism." For nearly half these

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